目前機器學習主流的程式工具是 Python 與 R 語言, 現在是 R 語言佔上風, 但我覺得 Python 潛力較大, 因為它的應用範圍比 R 要廣多了. 由於樹莓派是可 24 小時開機的低功耗 (約 1.5W, Pi 3 約 3W, A+ 最低僅 0.85W) 嵌入式運算器, 很適合作為不眠不休的資料採礦機器, 所以我選擇樹莓派 Type B 跑 Raspbian 作業系統作為測試環境, 除了之前已安裝的 R 語言外, 還需要安裝 Python 的機器學習函式庫 Scikit-learn. 我的最終目的是要以樹莓派作為物聯網的運算平台, 利用機器學習為物聯網設備裝上智慧的大腦.
Python 部分我主要參考下面這幾本書 :
# Python Machine Learning (Sebastian Raschka, 2015)
# Introduction to Machine Learning with Python (Andreas C. Müller & Sarah Guido, 2016)
# Learning scikit-learn Machine Learning in Python (Raúl Garreta; Guillermo Moncecchi, PACKT 2013 )
Python 的機器學習函式庫 scikit-learn 是建立在 numpy 與 scipy 這兩個函式庫上, 因此必須先安裝這兩個函式庫後才能安裝 scikit-learn. 其次為了要將資料視覺化 (Visualization) 以繪製各種統計圖形, 也需要安裝 matplotlib 函式庫; 另外還要安裝可處理 Table 的 Pandas 函式庫. 書裡面也建議安裝 Jupyter (又稱為 IPython Notebook) 互動式執行環境來取代 Python IDLE, 但我的樹莓派 Type B 跑瀏覽器效能差強人意, 所以不一定要裝 (若是 Pi 2 或 Pi 3 應該沒問題). 以上與 scikit-learn 套件相關的函式庫表列如下 :
| 函式庫 | 用途說明 |
| numpy | Python 基本科學計算套件 (線性代數, 多維矩陣, 傅立葉轉換, 偽隨機數產生等) |
| scipy | Python 科學計算套件集 (高等線性代數, 函數優化, 信號處理, 統計分布等) |
| matplotlib | Python 科學繪圖套件 (各式統計圖表) |
| Jupyter | Python 網頁式互動執行環境 (IPython Notebook) |
| pandas | Python 資料角力套件 (處理 Table 資料) |
以下紀錄這兩天安裝上列函式庫的過程, 並參考 "Introduction to Machine Learning with Python" 這本書第一章的範例程式測試所安裝的函式庫是否正常運作. 上列函式庫都使用 apt-get 指令安裝, 唯有 scikit-learn 是使用 Python 3 版的 pip3 安裝 :
- sudo apt-get install python3-numpy
- sudo apt-get install python3-scipy
- sudo apt-get install python3-matplotlib
- sudo apt-get install python3-pandas
- sudo pip3 install scikit-learn -U
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install python3-numpy
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
python3-numpy is already the newest version.
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libasn1-8-heimdal libgssapi3-heimdal libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal libhx509-5-heimdal
libkrb5-26-heimdal libroken18-heimdal libwind0-heimdal libxfce4ui-1-0 xfce-keyboard-shortcuts
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 17 not upgraded.
因為此 Raspbian 為 2017 年 Jessie(pixel), 已經內建最新的 Numpy, 所以不用再安裝.
測試程式 : numpy_test.py
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print("x:\n{}".format(x))
執行結果 :
$ numpy_test.py
x:
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
2. 安裝 scipy :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install python3-scipy
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libasn1-8-heimdal libgssapi3-heimdal libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal libhx509-5-heimdal
libkrb5-26-heimdal libroken18-heimdal libwind0-heimdal libxfce4ui-1-0 xfce-keyboard-shortcuts
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
python3-decorator
The following NEW packages will be installed:
python3-decorator python3-scipy
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 17 not upgraded.
Need to get 7,014 kB of archives.
After this operation, 24.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
python3-decorator python3-scipy
Install these packages without verification? [y/N] y
Get:1 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-decorator all 3.4.0-2 [22.5 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-scipy armhf 0.14.0-2 [6,992 kB]
Fetched 7,014 kB in 34s (202 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package python3-decorator.
(Reading database ... 134211 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../python3-decorator_3.4.0-2_all.deb ...
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Unpacking python3-scipy (0.14.0-2) ...
Setting up python3-decorator (3.4.0-2) ...
Setting up python3-scipy (0.14.0-2) ...
測試程式 : scipy_test.py
import numpy as np
from scipy import sparse
# Create a 2D NumPy array with a diagonal of ones, and zeros everywhere else
eye = np.eye(4)
print("NumPy array:\n{}".format(eye))
執行結果 :
$python scipy_test.py
NumPy array:
[[ 1. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 1. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 1. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 1.]]
3. 安裝 matplotlib :
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libasn1-8-heimdal libgssapi3-heimdal libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal libhx509-5-heimdal
libkrb5-26-heimdal libroken18-heimdal libwind0-heimdal libxfce4ui-1-0 xfce-keyboard-shortcuts
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
fonts-lyx libjs-jquery-ui python-matplotlib-data python3-dateutil python3-nose python3-pyparsing python3-tz
Suggested packages:
libjs-jquery-ui-docs dvipng ghostscript inkscape ipython3 python-matplotlib-doc python3-cairocffi python3-gi python3-gi-cairo
python3-gobject python3-pyqt4 python3-sip python3-tornado texlive-extra-utils texlive-latex-extra ttf-staypuft python-nose-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
fonts-lyx libjs-jquery-ui python-matplotlib-data python3-dateutil python3-matplotlib python3-nose python3-pyparsing python3-tz
0 upgraded, 8 newly installed, 0 to remove and 17 not upgraded.
Need to get 7,601 kB of archives.
After this operation, 22.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
fonts-lyx libjs-jquery-ui python-matplotlib-data python3-dateutil python3-pyparsing python3-tz python3-nose python3-matplotlib
Install these packages without verification? [y/N] y
Get:1 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main fonts-lyx all 2.1.2-2 [176 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-jquery-ui all 1.10.1+dfsg-1 [499 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-matplotlib-data all 1.4.2-3.1 [3,041 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-dateutil all 2.2-2 [33.2 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-pyparsing all 2.0.3+dfsg1-1 [64.1 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-tz all 2012c+dfsg-0.1 [25.4 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-nose all 1.3.4-1 [131 kB]
Get:8 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-matplotlib armhf 1.4.2-3.1 [3,631 kB]
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Processing triggers for fontconfig (2.11.0-6.3+deb8u1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.0.2-5) ...
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Setting up python-matplotlib-data (1.4.2-3.1) ...
Setting up python3-dateutil (2.2-2) ...
Setting up python3-pyparsing (2.0.3+dfsg1-1) ...
Setting up python3-tz (2012c+dfsg-0.1) ...
Setting up python3-nose (1.3.4-1) ...
Setting up python3-matplotlib (1.4.2-3.1) ...
測試程式 : matplotlib_test.py
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Generate a sequence of numbers from -10 to 10 with 100 steps in between
x = np.linspace(-10, 10, 100)
# Create a second array using sine
y = np.sin(x)
# The plot function makes a line chart of one array against another
plt.plot(x, y, marker="x")
plt.show()
$python3 matplotlib_test.py
注意, matplotlib 一定要在桌面開啟 LXTerminal, 然後執行 python3 matplotlib_test.py 才會顯示, 若用 Putty 以 SSH 遠端存取執行不會顯示結果, 因為 Putty 是文字模式. 我是利用 VNC 遠端桌面執行. 另外, 最後一行要加上 plt.show() 才會在螢幕上顯示圖形, 原書中無此指令, 結果執行後也是沒有動靜.
4. 安裝 pandas :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install python3-pandas
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
python3-bs4 python3-lxml python3-numexpr python3-pandas-lib python3-tables python3-tables-lib
Suggested packages:
python3-lxml-dbg python-pandas-doc python-tables-doc python-netcdf vitables
The following NEW packages will be installed:
python3-bs4 python3-lxml python3-numexpr python3-pandas python3-pandas-lib python3-tables python3-tables-lib
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 18 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,960 kB of archives.
After this operation, 21.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-bs4 all 4.3.2-2 [77.6 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-lxml armhf 3.4.0-1 [680 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-numexpr armhf 2.4-1 [143 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-pandas-lib armhf 0.14.1-2 [1,176 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-pandas all 0.14.1-2 [1,249 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-tables-lib armhf 3.1.1-3+b1 [305 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-tables all 3.1.1-3 [329 kB]
Fetched 3,960 kB in 9s (407 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package python3-bs4.
(Reading database ... 144728 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../python3-bs4_4.3.2-2_all.deb ...
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Selecting previously unselected package python3-tables.
Preparing to unpack .../python3-tables_3.1.1-3_all.deb ...
Unpacking python3-tables (3.1.1-3) ...
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Setting up python3-lxml (3.4.0-1) ...
Setting up python3-numexpr (2.4-1) ...
Setting up python3-pandas-lib (0.14.1-2) ...
Setting up python3-pandas (0.14.1-2) ...
Setting up python3-tables-lib (3.1.1-3+b1) ...
Setting up python3-tables (3.1.1-3) ...
4. 安裝 pandas :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install python3-pandas
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
python3-bs4 python3-lxml python3-numexpr python3-pandas-lib python3-tables python3-tables-lib
Suggested packages:
python3-lxml-dbg python-pandas-doc python-tables-doc python-netcdf vitables
The following NEW packages will be installed:
python3-bs4 python3-lxml python3-numexpr python3-pandas python3-pandas-lib python3-tables python3-tables-lib
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 18 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,960 kB of archives.
After this operation, 21.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-bs4 all 4.3.2-2 [77.6 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-lxml armhf 3.4.0-1 [680 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-numexpr armhf 2.4-1 [143 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-pandas-lib armhf 0.14.1-2 [1,176 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-pandas all 0.14.1-2 [1,249 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-tables-lib armhf 3.1.1-3+b1 [305 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python3-tables all 3.1.1-3 [329 kB]
Fetched 3,960 kB in 9s (407 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package python3-bs4.
(Reading database ... 144728 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../python3-bs4_4.3.2-2_all.deb ...
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Preparing to unpack .../python3-tables_3.1.1-3_all.deb ...
Unpacking python3-tables (3.1.1-3) ...
Setting up python3-bs4 (4.3.2-2) ...
Setting up python3-lxml (3.4.0-1) ...
Setting up python3-numexpr (2.4-1) ...
Setting up python3-pandas-lib (0.14.1-2) ...
Setting up python3-pandas (0.14.1-2) ...
Setting up python3-tables-lib (3.1.1-3+b1) ...
Setting up python3-tables (3.1.1-3) ...
測試程式 : pandas_test.py
import pandas as pd
# create a simple dataset of people
data = {'Name': ["John", "Anna", "Peter", "Linda"],
'Location' : ["New York", "Paris", "Berlin", "London"],
'Age' : [24, 13, 53, 33]
}
data_pandas = pd.DataFrame(data)
# IPython.display allows "pretty printing" of dataframes
# in the Jupyter notebook
display(data_pandas)
輸出 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python pandas_test.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "pandas_test.py", line 10, in
display(data_pandas)
NameError: name 'display' is not defined
測試程式 : scikit_learn_test.py
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
iris_dataset = load_iris()
print("Keys of iris_dataset: \n{}".format(iris_dataset.keys()))
輸出 :
Keys of iris_dataset:
['target_names', 'data', 'target', 'DESCR', 'feature_names']
6. 安裝 ipython3 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install ipython3
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libasn1-8-heimdal libgssapi3-heimdal libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal libhx509-5-heimdal
libkrb5-26-heimdal libroken18-heimdal libwind0-heimdal libxfce4ui-1-0 xfce-keyboard-shortcuts
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
python-decorator python-pexpect python-simplegeneric
Suggested packages:
ipython-doc ipython-notebook ipython-qtconsole python-matplotlib python-zmq python-pexpect-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
ipython python-decorator python-pexpect python-simplegeneric
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 17 not upgraded.
Need to get 689 kB of archives.
After this operation, 3,499 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
python-decorator python-pexpect python-simplegeneric ipython
Install these packages without verification? [y/N] y
Get:1 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-decorator all 3.4.0-2 [22.3 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-pexpect all 3.2-1 [38.4 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-simplegeneric all 0.8.1-1 [11.9 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main ipython all 2.3.0-2 [616 kB]
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Selecting previously unselected package python-decorator.
(Reading database ... 135931 files and directories currently installed.)
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Setting up ipython (2.3.0-2) ...
7. 安裝 ipython3-notebook :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install ipython3-notebook
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
fonts-font-awesome fonts-mathjax ipython-notebook-common libjs-highlight libjs-highlight.js libjs-marked libjs-mathjax
libjs-underscore libpgm-5.1-0 libsodium13 libzmq3 python-jinja2 python-markupsafe python-mysqldb python-pycurl python-tornado
python-zmq
Suggested packages:
python-pygments pandoc pgf fonts-stix fonts-mathjax-extras libjs-mathjax-doc python-jinja2-doc python-egenix-mxdatetime
python-mysqldb-dbg libcurl4-gnutls-dev python-pycurl-dbg python-pycurl-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
fonts-font-awesome fonts-mathjax ipython-notebook ipython-notebook-common libjs-highlight libjs-highlight.js libjs-marked
libjs-mathjax libjs-underscore libpgm-5.1-0 libsodium13 libzmq3 python-jinja2 python-markupsafe python-mysqldb python-pycurl
python-tornado python-zmq
0 upgraded, 18 newly installed, 0 to remove and 18 not upgraded.
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Get:3 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libzmq3 armhf 4.0.5+dfsg-2+deb8u1 [418 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main fonts-font-awesome all 4.2.0~dfsg-1 [346 kB]
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Get:6 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-highlight.js all 8.2+ds-4 [165 kB]
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Get:8 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-marked all 0.3.2+dfsg-1 [12.6 kB]
Get:9 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-mathjax all 2.4-2 [5,333 kB]
Get:10 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-underscore all 1.7.0~dfsg-1 [49.9 kB]
Get:11 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main ipython-notebook-common all 2.3.0-2 [724 kB]
Get:12 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-markupsafe armhf 0.23-1 [15.7 kB]
Get:13 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-jinja2 all 2.7.3-1 [170 kB]
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Get:16 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-zmq armhf 14.4.0-1 [173 kB]
Get:17 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main ipython-notebook all 2.3.0-2 [48.1 kB]
Get:18 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-mysqldb armhf 1.2.3-2.1 [59.2 kB]
Fetched 9,068 kB in 32s (279 kB/s)
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Setting up python-mysqldb (1.2.3-2.1) ...
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這樣終於完成 scikit-learn 機器學習相關套件的安裝了.
值得一提的是, 由於我的樹莓派同時安裝了 python 2 與 3 版, 位置分別在 /usr/bin/python2 與 /usr/bin/python3, 要如何切換實際執行的 Python 解譯器版本呢? 這可以用 alias 或 link 來切換 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python --version
Python 2.7.9
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ alias python='/usr/bin/python3'
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python --version
Python 3.4.2
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ alias python='/usr/bin/python2'
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python --version
Python 2.7.9
或者使用下列指令也可以 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ln -s python /usr/bin/python3
import pandas as pd
# create a simple dataset of people
data = {'Name': ["John", "Anna", "Peter", "Linda"],
'Location' : ["New York", "Paris", "Berlin", "London"],
'Age' : [24, 13, 53, 33]
}
data_pandas = pd.DataFrame(data)
# IPython.display allows "pretty printing" of dataframes
# in the Jupyter notebook
display(data_pandas)
輸出 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python pandas_test.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "pandas_test.py", line 10, in
display(data_pandas)
NameError: name 'display' is not defined
不知為何 display() 有問題.
5. 安裝 scikit-learn :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo pip3 install scikit-learn -U
Downloading/unpacking scikit-learn
Downloading scikit-learn-0.18.1.tar.gz (8.9MB): 8.9MB downloaded
Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip-build-y7_c22sq/scikit-learn/setup.py) egg_info for package scikit-learn
Partial import of sklearn during the build process.
Installing collected packages: scikit-learn
Running setup.py install for scikit-learn
blas_opt_info:
blas_mkl_info:
libraries mkl,vml,guide not found in ['/usr/local/lib', '/usr/lib', '/usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf']
NOT AVAILABLE
openblas_info:
libraries not found in ['/usr/local/lib', '/usr/lib', '/usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf']
NOT AVAILABLE
atlas_blas_threads_info:
Setting PTATLAS=ATLAS
libraries ptf77blas,ptcblas,atlas not found in ['/usr/local/lib', '/usr/lib', '/usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf']
NOT AVAILABLE
atlas_blas_info:
libraries f77blas,cblas,atlas not found in ['/usr/local/lib', '/usr/lib', '/usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf']
NOT AVAILABLE
blas_info:
FOUND:
language = f77
library_dirs = ['/usr/lib']
libraries = ['blas']
FOUND:
define_macros = [('NO_ATLAS_INFO', 1)]
language = f77
library_dirs = ['/usr/lib']
libraries = ['blas']
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
build_src
building library "libsvm-skl" sources
building library "cblas" sources
building extension "sklearn.__check_build._check_build" sources
building extension "sklearn.cluster._dbscan_inner" sources
building extension "sklearn.cluster._hierarchical" sources
building extension "sklearn.cluster._k_means_elkan" sources
building extension "sklearn.cluster._k_means" sources
building extension "sklearn.datasets._svmlight_format" sources
building extension "sklearn.decomposition._online_lda" sources
building extension "sklearn.decomposition.cdnmf_fast" sources
building extension "sklearn.ensemble._gradient_boosting" sources
building extension "sklearn.feature_extraction._hashing" sources
building extension "sklearn.manifold._utils" sources
building extension "sklearn.manifold._barnes_hut_tsne" sources
building extension "sklearn.metrics.pairwise_fast" sources
building extension "sklearn.metrics/cluster.expected_mutual_info_fast" sources
building extension "sklearn.neighbors.ball_tree" sources
building extension "sklearn.neighbors.kd_tree" sources
building extension "sklearn.neighbors.dist_metrics" sources
building extension "sklearn.neighbors.typedefs" sources
building extension "sklearn.tree._tree" sources
building extension "sklearn.tree._splitter" sources
building extension "sklearn.tree._criterion" sources
building extension "sklearn.tree._utils" sources
building extension "sklearn.svm.libsvm" sources
building extension "sklearn.svm.liblinear" sources
building extension "sklearn.svm.libsvm_sparse" sources
building extension "sklearn._isotonic" sources
building extension "sklearn.linear_model.cd_fast" sources
building extension "sklearn.linear_model.sgd_fast" sources
building extension "sklearn.linear_model.sag_fast" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.sparsetools._traversal" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.sparsetools._graph_tools" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.sparsefuncs_fast" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.arrayfuncs" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.murmurhash" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.lgamma" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.graph_shortest_path" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.fast_dict" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.seq_dataset" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils.weight_vector" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils._random" sources
building extension "sklearn.utils._logistic_sigmoid" sources
building data_files sources
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
customize UnixCCompiler
customize UnixCCompiler using build_clib
building 'libsvm-skl' library
compiling C++ sources
C compiler: arm-linux-gnueabihf-g++ -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC
compile options: '-I/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/numpy/core/include -c'
arm-linux-gnueabihf-g++: sklearn/svm/src/libsvm/libsvm_template.cpp
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc-ar: adding 1 object files to build/temp.linux-armv6l-3.4/liblibsvm-skl.a
building 'cblas' library
compiling C sources
C compiler: arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC
compile options: '-I/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/numpy/core/include -c'
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_daxpy.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_drefasum.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_srefrotg.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_ddot.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_drefcopy.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_errprn.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_srefrot.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_drefrotg.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_srot.c
In file included from sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_srot.c:32:0:
sklearn/src/cblas/atlas_misc.h:393:12: warning: ‘ATL_AlignOffset’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static int ATL_AlignOffset
^
sklearn/src/cblas/atlas_misc.h:409:14: warning: ‘ATL_Align2Ptr’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static void *ATL_Align2Ptr(const void *pu, const void *pA)
^
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_drefgemvT.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_drefrot.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_xerbla.c
sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_xerbla.c: In function ‘cblas_xerbla’:
sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_xerbla.c:52:4: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘exit’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
exit(-1);
^
sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_xerbla.c:52:4: warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function ‘exit’
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_srefcopy.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/ATL_dsrefdot.c
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_dger.c
sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_dger.c: In function ‘cblas_dger’:
sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_dger.c:73:7: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘cblas_xerbla’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
cblas_xerbla(info, "cblas_dger", "");
^
In file included from sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_dger.c:32:0:
sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_dger.c: At top level:
sklearn/src/cblas/atlas_misc.h:393:12: warning: ‘ATL_AlignOffset’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static int ATL_AlignOffset
^
sklearn/src/cblas/atlas_misc.h:409:14: warning: ‘ATL_Align2Ptr’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static void *ATL_Align2Ptr(const void *pu, const void *pA)
^
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc: sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_sasum.c
In file included from sklearn/src/cblas/cblas_sasum.c:32:0:
sklearn/src/cblas/atlas_misc.h:393:12: warning: ‘ATL_AlignOffset’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static int ATL_AlignOffset
^
......
(很多 warning)
......
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1629:1: warning: ‘_import_array’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
_import_array(void)
^
In file included from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ufuncobject.h:327:0,
from sklearn/utils/_logistic_sigmoid.c:294:
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.h:241:1: warning: ‘_import_umath’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
_import_umath(void)
^
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -pthread -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,relro -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 build/temp.linux-armv6l-3.4/sklearn/utils/_logistic_sigmoid.o -Lbuild/temp.linux-armv6l-3.4 -lm -o build/lib.linux-armv6l-3.4/sklearn/utils/_logistic_sigmoid.cpython-34m.so
Partial import of sklearn during the build process.
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/numpy/distutils/system_info.py:1521: UserWarning:
Atlas (http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/) libraries not found.
Directories to search for the libraries can be specified in the
numpy/distutils/site.cfg file (section [atlas]) or by setting
the ATLAS environment variable.
warnings.warn(AtlasNotFoundError.__doc__)
sklearn/setup.py:72: UserWarning:
Blas (http://www.netlib.org/blas/) libraries not found.
Directories to search for the libraries can be specified in the
numpy/distutils/site.cfg file (section [blas]) or by setting
the BLAS environment variable.
warnings.warn(BlasNotFoundError.__doc__)
Successfully installed scikit-learn
Cleaning up...
安裝了好久 (在 Type B 大約跑了 2 小時) 終於完成了.
測試程式 : scikit_learn_test.py
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
iris_dataset = load_iris()
print("Keys of iris_dataset: \n{}".format(iris_dataset.keys()))
輸出 :
Keys of iris_dataset:
['target_names', 'data', 'target', 'DESCR', 'feature_names']
6. 安裝 ipython3 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install ipython3
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libasn1-8-heimdal libgssapi3-heimdal libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal libhx509-5-heimdal
libkrb5-26-heimdal libroken18-heimdal libwind0-heimdal libxfce4ui-1-0 xfce-keyboard-shortcuts
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
python-decorator python-pexpect python-simplegeneric
Suggested packages:
ipython-doc ipython-notebook ipython-qtconsole python-matplotlib python-zmq python-pexpect-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
ipython python-decorator python-pexpect python-simplegeneric
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 17 not upgraded.
Need to get 689 kB of archives.
After this operation, 3,499 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
python-decorator python-pexpect python-simplegeneric ipython
Install these packages without verification? [y/N] y
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Get:2 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-pexpect all 3.2-1 [38.4 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-simplegeneric all 0.8.1-1 [11.9 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main ipython all 2.3.0-2 [616 kB]
Fetched 689 kB in 3s (185 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package python-decorator.
(Reading database ... 135931 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../python-decorator_3.4.0-2_all.deb ...
Unpacking python-decorator (3.4.0-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python-pexpect.
Preparing to unpack .../python-pexpect_3.2-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking python-pexpect (3.2-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python-simplegeneric.
Preparing to unpack .../python-simplegeneric_0.8.1-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking python-simplegeneric (0.8.1-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package ipython.
Preparing to unpack .../ipython_2.3.0-2_all.deb ...
Unpacking ipython (2.3.0-2) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.13-1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.0.2-5) ...
Setting up python-decorator (3.4.0-2) ...
Setting up python-pexpect (3.2-1) ...
Setting up python-simplegeneric (0.8.1-1) ...
Setting up ipython (2.3.0-2) ...
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt-get install ipython3-notebook
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
fonts-font-awesome fonts-mathjax ipython-notebook-common libjs-highlight libjs-highlight.js libjs-marked libjs-mathjax
libjs-underscore libpgm-5.1-0 libsodium13 libzmq3 python-jinja2 python-markupsafe python-mysqldb python-pycurl python-tornado
python-zmq
Suggested packages:
python-pygments pandoc pgf fonts-stix fonts-mathjax-extras libjs-mathjax-doc python-jinja2-doc python-egenix-mxdatetime
python-mysqldb-dbg libcurl4-gnutls-dev python-pycurl-dbg python-pycurl-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
fonts-font-awesome fonts-mathjax ipython-notebook ipython-notebook-common libjs-highlight libjs-highlight.js libjs-marked
libjs-mathjax libjs-underscore libpgm-5.1-0 libsodium13 libzmq3 python-jinja2 python-markupsafe python-mysqldb python-pycurl
python-tornado python-zmq
0 upgraded, 18 newly installed, 0 to remove and 18 not upgraded.
Need to get 9,068 kB of archives.
After this operation, 52.1 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
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Get:2 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libpgm-5.1-0 armhf 5.1.118-1~dfsg-1 [153 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libzmq3 armhf 4.0.5+dfsg-2+deb8u1 [418 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main fonts-font-awesome all 4.2.0~dfsg-1 [346 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main fonts-mathjax all 2.4-2 [960 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-highlight.js all 8.2+ds-4 [165 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-highlight all 8.2+ds-4 [22.3 kB]
Get:8 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-marked all 0.3.2+dfsg-1 [12.6 kB]
Get:9 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-mathjax all 2.4-2 [5,333 kB]
Get:10 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main libjs-underscore all 1.7.0~dfsg-1 [49.9 kB]
Get:11 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main ipython-notebook-common all 2.3.0-2 [724 kB]
Get:12 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-markupsafe armhf 0.23-1 [15.7 kB]
Get:13 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-jinja2 all 2.7.3-1 [170 kB]
Get:14 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-pycurl armhf 7.19.5-3 [48.7 kB]
Get:15 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-tornado armhf 3.2.2-1.1 [227 kB]
Get:16 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-zmq armhf 14.4.0-1 [173 kB]
Get:17 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main ipython-notebook all 2.3.0-2 [48.1 kB]
Get:18 http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ jessie/main python-mysqldb armhf 1.2.3-2.1 [59.2 kB]
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這樣終於完成 scikit-learn 機器學習相關套件的安裝了.
值得一提的是, 由於我的樹莓派同時安裝了 python 2 與 3 版, 位置分別在 /usr/bin/python2 與 /usr/bin/python3, 要如何切換實際執行的 Python 解譯器版本呢? 這可以用 alias 或 link 來切換 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python --version
Python 2.7.9
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ alias python='/usr/bin/python3'
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python --version
Python 3.4.2
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ alias python='/usr/bin/python2'
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python --version
Python 2.7.9
或者使用下列指令也可以 :
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ln -s python /usr/bin/python3
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ln -s python /usr/bin/python2
如上所述, 由於我不打算在樹莓派中使用 IPython, 所以我只安裝到 scikit-learn 而已, 馬上用 Win32DiskImager 製作映像檔, 免得萬一系統崩潰又要花很多時間重來一遍.
參考 :
參考 :
# How can I run python scikit-learn on Raspberry Pi?
# What is the difference between installing a package using pip vs. apt-get?
# apt-get install vs pip install
# Linux下切换Python2和Python3的4种方法
# IPython ：一個交互式計算和開發環境
# IPython Notebook 初探
# Copy current SD image to larger SD card
# Installing Scipy
# scikit-learn的安装和基本使用教程
# different ways to get scikit-learn installed
# IPython Notebook 初探
# Install numpy on python3.3 - Install pip for python3
# How to install numpy on windows using pip install?
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